Organized crime in Minneapolis first attracted national attention in 1903 when mobster Mayor Doc Ames (1842-1911) was exposed by Lincoln Steffens in the book, The Shame of the Cities. Steffens account and subsequent trials revealed a police department recruited from ex-felons shaking down the Minneapolis underworld on the Mayor's behalf. Ames later fled the state, spending a short period as a fugitive before being arrested and extradited to Minnesota. He was convicted of receiving a bribe and sentenced to six years in prison after his death. His sentence was later appealed and overturned.