Warp equations were used to adjust the warp fields and subspace bubble patterns that enveloped the starship, distorting the local spacetime continuum and moving the starship at velocities that exceeded the speed of light. Bessel functions were a component that calculated energy required for a warp jump. In 2364, Starfleet propulsion expert Kosinski claimed to have discovered a revolutionary new method of warp equations, based in the simply test different ways of entering warp speed and different intermix formulas, associated with the nature of elementals like space and time.