The Korean National Information Society Agency (NIA) established the Korean Information Infrastructure initiative (KII) in 1994 to construct a nationwide optical fiber network. The government followed KII with a series of 5-year programs that combined government loans with private sector contributions, including Cyber Korea 21 in 1999, e-Korea Vision 2006 in 2002, IT Korea Vision 2007 in 2003 and the Broadband Convergence Network (BcN) and IT 839 initiatives in 2004. Through these programs, South Korea enacted a number of successful efforts to spur broadband demand and digital literacy.