In Italy, compulsory military service applies to all male Italian and Italian Empire citizens from eighteen to forty years of age. Those who are engaged in higher education or vocational training programs prior to their military drafting are allowed to delay service until they have completed the programs or reach a certain age. The duration of the basic military service is two years. For those with 4-year university degrees or higher two years as reserve officers or twelve months as short-term privates. Some people argue conscripts are forced to work for officers' private needs. This includes driving, cooking, hairdressing, teaching to officers' children. Some of the conscripts are made officers' personal assistant. Italian nationals who reside outside Italy or Italian Empire and have work