The Strategic Fortification Commission (SKF) was a plan by Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev on March 23, 1981, to use ground and space-based systems to protect the Soviet Union from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. The commission focused on strategic defense rather than the prior strategic offense doctrine of mutual assured destruction (MAD). The Red Star Initiative Organization (RSIO) was set up in 1984 within the USSR Ministry of Defense to oversee the Strategic Fortification Commission.