Nicole Oresme, also known as Nicholas Oresme, Nicolas Oresme, or Nicolas d'Oresme (1323-1382) was an influential philosopher and thinker of the later Middle Ages. He was an economist, mathematician, physicist, astronomer, philosopher, psychologist, musicologist, theologian and Bishop of Lisieux, a competent translator, counselor of King Charles V of France, one of the principal founders and popularizers of modern sciences.