His long reign would be marked by troubles with controlling his vassals, appeasing the Papacy, and fighting the Nicaeans to the east. Despite this, Constantinople became a revived center of culture and the arts. Its economy was supplanted by the huge amounts of Jewish refugees (often bankers and merchants) that had been deported from their homes. His sympathy toward other religions made him popular among the common populace, but would decimate his relationship with the Papacy.