The Concordat of 1801 was an agreement between the Pope and Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801 that restored the Catholic Church in France after its suppression during the French Revolution. It did not restore the vast church properties, but it normalized relations for 100 years, until laws of 1905 passed by anti-Catholic elements. Working with his talented secretary of state, Ercole Cardinal Consalvi, Pope Pius VII accepted the initiative of Napoleon Bonaparte, ruler of France, and signed the Concordat of 1801. The Concordat restored Catholicism and ended the schismatic "Constitutional Church."