Canada has rapidly grown in power since the early 21st century at a rate that was previously unprecedented for a developed country. Although it was superseded by the Russian Federation, it benefited similarly from the ‘Great Shift North’ – it has become a major supplier of food and minerals freed up by melting permafrost, and formerly obscure towns along its northern coastlines have blossomed into vast centres of commerce and population, fuelled by the northwards migration of the American middle classes and trade with Russia and the European Federation via the Arctic Commerce Triangle.