The Economic Depression between 1979-83 in the United States of America was one of the all-time low points in national GDP output, although it failed to reach the abysmal lows of 1889-94 or 1924-31, both of which have lingering monikers such as "the Depression of 1889" or the "Smith Slump/Terrible Twenties." The depression was caused by four simultaneous forces that culminated in the "perfect economic storm," as economist Bernard Kodder of the Imperial Financial Chamber once said.