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Jewish–Roman wars

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The Jewish–Roman wars were a series of large-scale revolts by the Jews of Iudaea Province and the Eastern Mediterranean against the Roman Empire between 66 and 135 CE. The revolts integrated nationalist, religious and ethnic elements, all spiraling towards violence upon polytheist Roman and Greek population and Roman representatives and symbols. While the Great Revolt of Judea (66-73 CE) and the Bar-Kokhba Revolt (132-135 CE) were nationalist rebellions, striving to restore an independent Judean state, the Kitos War was more of an ethno-religious civil, mostly fought outside of Judea province. Hence, some sources use the term Jewish-Roman Wars to refer only to the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE) and Bar Kokhba revolt (132–135 CE), while others include the Kitos War (115–117) as one of th

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Great revolt: 30,000 - 60,000 Kitos War: forces of the eastern legions Bar Kokhba revolt: 7 full legions with cohorts and auxilaries of 5 additional legions – about 120,000 total. Great revolt: 25,000+ Jewish militias; 20,000 Edomeans Kitos War: loosely organized tens of thousandsBar-Kokhba revolt: 200,000 – 400,000 militia men

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66

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Hannan, Bar-Giora, Elazar, John; Artemion, Lukuas , Julian and Pappus; Simon bar Kokhba 22

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Roman Judea remained under Roman control, renamed and merged into the Province of Syria Palaestina

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Depiction of the Roman Triumph celebrating the Sack of Jerusalem on the Arch of Titus in Rome. The procession features the Menorah and other vessels taken from the Second Temple.

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985 Legio IX Hispana possibly disbanded, Great revolt: Legio XII Fulminata lost its aquila and Syrian contingent destroyed – about 20,000 casualties;Kitos War: 240,000 civilians killed in Cyprus , 200,000 in Cyrenaica;Bar-Kokhba revolt: Legio XXII Deiotariana destroyed, Great revolt: 250 thousand – 1,1 million Jews massacred; enslavement of 97,000;Kitos War: annihilation of Jewish communities in Cyprus, Cyrenaica and Alexandria; Bar Kokhba revolt: 400,000 – 580,000 civilians and militia massacred, Legio X Fretensis - sustained heavy casualties

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Decisive Roman Empire victory: * Destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple * Mass murder of Judean population and diaspora of survivors * Schism between Judaism and early Christianity * Consolidation of non-messianic Jewish sects into Rabbinic Judaism * Consolidation of Jewish center in Galilee

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Jewish rebels; 25 n18: Bar-Kokhba's army.

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Roman Judea, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, Mesopotamia

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Jewish–Roman wars

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The Jewish–Roman wars were a series of large-scale revolts by the Jews of Iudaea Province and the Eastern Mediterranean against the Roman Empire between 66 and 135 CE. The revolts integrated nationalist, religious and ethnic elements, all spiraling towards violence upon polytheist Roman and Greek population and Roman representatives and symbols. While the Great Revolt of Judea (66-73 CE) and the Bar-Kokhba Revolt (132-135 CE) were nationalist rebellions, striving to restore an independent Judean state, the Kitos War was more of an ethno-religious civil, mostly fought outside of Judea province. Hence, some sources use the term Jewish-Roman Wars to refer only to the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE) and Bar Kokhba revolt (132–135 CE), while others include the Kitos War (115–117) as one of the Jewish–Roman wars. The Jewish–Roman wars had an epic impact on the Jews, turning them from a major population in the Eastern Mediterranean into a scattered and persecuted minority. The Jewish-Roman Wars are often cited as a disaster to Jewish society. The events also had a major impact on Judaism, after the central worship site of Second Temple Judaism, the Second Temple in Jerusalem, was destroyed by Titus' troops. Although having a sort of autonomy in the Galilee until the 4th century such as the School of Jamnia and later a limited success in establishing the short-lived Sassanid Jewish Commonwealth in 614-17 CE, Jewish dominance in parts of the Southern Levant was regained only in the mid-20th century, with the founding of the state of Israel in 1948.