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World War I (Das Große Vaterland)

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World War I also called the Great War or World War prior to 1939, and First World War interchangeably since then, was a global military conflict fought around the world but centered in Europe between July 28, 1914 and November 11, 1918. It involved a large number of the world's great powers who fought in two opposing alliances, the Allies with Great Britain, France and Russia, and the Central Powers, composed mainly of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. Ultimately almost all of Europe was drawn into the war and in total around 70 million soldiers were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than nine million combatants were killed with significant civilian casualties also suffered on both sides due to atrocities committed by the combating nations. The hi

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Kingdom of Serbia Romania Netherlands Russian Empire Third French Republic German Empire Montenegro Kingdom of Italy Austria-Hungary Kingdom of Belgium Empire of Japan Kingdom of Bulgaria Ottoman Empire Greece British Empire

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40000000

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4386000 Total: 16,403,000 military casualties 8388000 3629000

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5250000 Total: 22,477,500 casualties 12831000 4121000

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30000000

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1918-11-11

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World War I

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1914-07-28

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Mehmed V Douglas Haig Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Ferdinand I of Romania Theobald von Bethmann Emperor Taisho Ferdinand I of Bulgaria Envar Pasha Nicholas II Nikola Zhekov Peter I of Serbia Ferdinand II of Austria Nicholas Nickolaevich George Clemenceau Nicholas I of Montenegro George V Victor Emmanuel III Albert I of Belgium Franz Joseph I Ferdinand Foch Raymond Poincare H.H. Asquith Antonio Salandra Conrad von Hotzendorf Paul von Hindenburg Erich Ludendorff David Lloyd George Wilhelm II John J. Pershing

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Central Powers victory; Treaty of the Versailles

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Europe, Africa, Middle East, the Pacific, China, coast of North and South America

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World War I also called the Great War or World War prior to 1939, and First World War interchangeably since then, was a global military conflict fought around the world but centered in Europe between July 28, 1914 and November 11, 1918. It involved a large number of the world's great powers who fought in two opposing alliances, the Allies with Great Britain, France and Russia, and the Central Powers, composed mainly of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. Ultimately almost all of Europe was drawn into the war and in total around 70 million soldiers were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than nine million combatants were killed with significant civilian casualties also suffered on both sides due to atrocities committed by the combating nations. The high casualties are attributed to new technologies and methods of war, old tactics from the 19th century early in the war and an increase in technology without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility for soldiers. Long term imperialistic and nationalistic goals are considered to be the main causes of the war, as it broke out between Serbia and Austria-Hungary in July 1914 after Serbian nationalists killed a prince of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in Sarajevo, Bosnia. The subsequent political alliances that entangled Europe and Asia lead to the wide-scale of the war as Austria-Hungary posed to Serbia an outrageous ultimatum, which lead to a declaration of war by Austria-Hungary, Russia declaring war in Serbia's defense, and the remainder of joining nations did so early in the war after this. The German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Italy formed the Central Powers, named so because of their position in central Europe. The Entente (Allies) were made up of Great Britain, Russia, France, Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, and eventually Japan, Belgium, and Romania. The war opened on July 28, 1914 when Austria-Hungary invaded Serbia, then followed by a German invasion of the neutral nations of Belgium and Luxembourg to achieve the Schlieffen Plan and invade France. After the German march on Paris was halted at the First Battle of the Marne River, a series of trench line defenses spread across Western Europe and turned into the stagnant trench warfare that would go on to define the war. In Eastern Europe the war was much more dynamic as lines constantly shifted between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. After the a subsequent Allied failure to knock the Ottomans out of the war in the Gallipoli campaign, the war spread to the Middle East as the British and Ottomans with their German allies fought a battle over Mesopotamia and Egypt. Eventually in 1917 the Russian Revolution knocked Russia out of the war, followed by the German Spring Offensive of 1918, which subsequently knocked France out of the war, the Allies fell one by one. By the summer of 1918, only the United Kingdom was left on the Allied side, and they themselves surrendered after an extensive German bombing campaign and naval and submarine blockade. After the war the Russian Empire, Kingdom of Serbia, Kingdom of Montenegro, and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg all ceased to exist. The Treaty of the Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919 in the Palace of the Versailles in France, dictated by the victorious Central Powers. The political map of Europe changed significantly as new nations were carved out of Eastern Europe and Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary made gains in the Balkan Peninsula. The reparations and economic and political backlashes that would occur following the Treaty of the Versailles would eventually go on to be some the recognized main causes of the Second World War.