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Darius I

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Darius I (Old Persian: Dārayava(h)uš, New Persian: داریوش Dāriush ; c. 550–486 BCE) was the third king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. Also called Darius the Great, he ruled the empire at its peak, when it included much of West Asia, the Caucasus, parts of the Balkans (Thrace-Macedonia and Paeonia), most of the Black Sea coastal regions, parts of the North Caucasus, Central Asia, as far as the Indus Valley in the far east, and portions of north and northeast Africa including Egypt (Mudrâya), eastern Libya and coastal Sudan. Darius I is a Persian leader in some of the Civilization games.

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550

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Dārayavauš 15

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Atossa; Artystone; Parmys; Phratagone; Phaidime; a daughter of Gobryas

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Darius Horus name: Menkeib Birth name: Darius Throne name: Stutre

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Relief of Darius I in Persepolis

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Artobazanes, Xerxes, Ariabignes, Arsamenes , Masistes, Achaemenes (satrap), Arsames, Gobryas, Ariomardos, Abriokomas, Hyperantes, Artazostre

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Pasargadae

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October 486 BCE

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522

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September 522 BCE to October 486 BCE

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By the grace of Ahuramazda am I king; Ahuramazda has granted me the kingdom. — Darius, on the Behistun Inscription

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Darius I (Old Persian: Dārayava(h)uš, New Persian: داریوش Dāriush ; c. 550–486 BCE) was the third king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. Also called Darius the Great, he ruled the empire at its peak, when it included much of West Asia, the Caucasus, parts of the Balkans (Thrace-Macedonia and Paeonia), most of the Black Sea coastal regions, parts of the North Caucasus, Central Asia, as far as the Indus Valley in the far east, and portions of north and northeast Africa including Egypt (Mudrâya), eastern Libya and coastal Sudan. Darius ascended the throne by overthrowing Gaumata, the alleged magus usurper of Bardiya with the assistance of six other Persian noble families; Darius was crowned the following morning. The new king met with rebellions throughout his kingdom and quelled them each time. A major event in Darius's life was his expedition to punish Athens and Eretria for their aid in the Ionian Revolt, and subjugate Greece. Although ultimately ending in failure at the Battle of Marathon, Darius succeeded in the re-subjugation of Thrace, expansion of the empire through the conquest of Macedon, the Cyclades, and the island of Naxos, and the sacking of the city of Eretria. Darius organized the empire by dividing it into provinces and placing satraps to govern it. He organized a new uniform monetary system, along with making Aramaic the official language of the empire. He also put the empire in better standing by building roads and introducing standard weights and measures. Through these changes the empire was centralized and unified. Darius also worked on construction projects throughout the empire, focusing on Susa, Pasargadae, Persepolis, Babylon and Egypt. He had the cliff-face Behistun Inscription carved to record his conquests, an important testimony of the Old Persian language. Darius is mentioned in the Biblical books of Haggai, Zechariah, and Ezra–Nehemiah. The Achaemenid Empire during Darius' reign controlled the largest fraction of the world's population of any empire in history. Based on historical demographic estimates, Darius I ruled over approximately 50 million people, or at least 44% of the world's population. Darius I is a Persian leader in some of the Civilization games.