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Al-Andalus Al-Andalus Al-Andalus

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Al-Andalus is the Arabic name for the southern of the Iberian Peninsula, governed by Muslims from 711 to 1492. It was the last part of Spain to by taken by the Reconquista, culminating in the fall of Granada in 1942. Al-Andalus was always the heart of Islamic Spain, and as such has many of the finest examples of Moorish architecture, such as the Alhambra palace in Granada and the great mosque of Cordoba, as well as examples of military and engineering architecture such as the Alcazar of Almeria, or the great saqqiyah of Cordoba. Following the conquest, al-Andalus was divided into five administrative areas roughly corresponding to Andalusia, Galicia and Portugal, Castile and Léon, Aragon and Catalonia, and Septimania. As a political domain or domains, it successively constituted a province of the Umayyad Caliphate, initiated by the Caliph Al-Walid I (711–750); the Emirate of Córdoba (c. 750–929); the Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031); and the Caliphate of Córdoba's taifa (successor) kingdoms. [[Imagen:AndalusQuran.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Corán der sigro XII usao n'Al-Ándalus]] Se conoce como Al-Andalus (árabe الأندلس) ar terraje e la Pelínsula Ibérica sometío ar poer musurmán durante l'Edá Media (711-1492). La sosia de Al-Andalus ia es formada de tre grupos relijios: cristianistes, iudistes e muslimes. La muslimes, an si unida en la nivel relijios, ia ave alga divida etnical, la plu grande entre la arabis e la berberes. En la sentenio 10, ia aveni un gran converti de cristianistes e la muladis, arabis e berberes ia es la 80% de la popla de Al-Andalus par 1100. Se conose por al-Andalus (árabe الأندلس) ar territorio de la Península Ibérica baho pode musurmán durante la Edá Media - (711 - 1492). No se conose con presisión el orihen de la palabra al-Andalus, p'argunö autorë probiene de lö bándalö: bandalus, otrö la relasionan con la lengua tamazight de lö bereberë: anna = río, lus = tierra curtibá, pa otrö probiene der hermano: land = tierra, lus = de sorteo, lo q'encaharía con er reparto ïtórico a lä tribü hermánicä, de lö dominiö del ëtinto Imperio Romano de Ösidente. Andalusía probiene der termino arabisao: "al-Andalusíya", con su sufiho ätibo i femenino, o sea al-Andalus por antonomasia. Er problema d'ëtä controbersiä ë q'ëtán metíä en conflïtö ïtóricö, políticö i relihiosö der pasao, lo qe da lugá a dïtintä interpretasionë ïtóricä.

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La sosia de Al-Andalus ia es formada de tre grupos relijios: cristianistes, iudistes e muslimes. La muslimes, an si unida en la nivel relijios, ia ave alga divida etnical, la plu grande entre la arabis e la berberes. En la sentenio 10, ia aveni un gran converti de cristianistes e la muladis, arabis e berberes ia es la 80% de la popla de Al-Andalus par 1100. Al-Andalus is the Arabic name for the southern of the Iberian Peninsula, governed by Muslims from 711 to 1492. It was the last part of Spain to by taken by the Reconquista, culminating in the fall of Granada in 1942. Al-Andalus was always the heart of Islamic Spain, and as such has many of the finest examples of Moorish architecture, such as the Alhambra palace in Granada and the great mosque of Cordoba, as well as examples of military and engineering architecture such as the Alcazar of Almeria, or the great saqqiyah of Cordoba. The cities of Andalucia were home to the academic heart of the Islamic empire from the 11th century onwards, though unlike in Egypt, where they became the centres of modern universities such as Al Azahar, they were mostly looted following the Reconquista, and their collections destroyed or dispersed. The modern Spanish region of Andalucia incorporates most of the areas of historical Al-Andalus, and the modern urban centres are all key cities from this period, including Almeria, Cadiz, Cordoba, Granada, Jaen, Malaga and Seville. However other major Moorish cities have since declined, such as Antequera, Baeza, Úbeda and others. Se conose por al-Andalus (árabe الأندلس) ar territorio de la Península Ibérica baho pode musurmán durante la Edá Media - (711 - 1492). No se conose con presisión el orihen de la palabra al-Andalus, p'argunö autorë probiene de lö bándalö: bandalus, otrö la relasionan con la lengua tamazight de lö bereberë: anna = río, lus = tierra curtibá, pa otrö probiene der hermano: land = tierra, lus = de sorteo, lo q'encaharía con er reparto ïtórico a lä tribü hermánicä, de lö dominiö del ëtinto Imperio Romano de Ösidente. Andalusía probiene der termino arabisao: "al-Andalusíya", con su sufiho ätibo i femenino, o sea al-Andalus por antonomasia. Er problema d'ëtä controbersiä ë q'ëtán metíä en conflïtö ïtóricö, políticö i relihiosö der pasao, lo qe da lugá a dïtintä interpretasionë ïtóricä. Para muxö ïtoriaorë al-Andalus i Andalusía son la mïma línea de identiá, sarbá la dïtansia ïtórica, curturá, relihiosa, etc, no solo por er nombre, sino pol la heografía i la ïtoria d'ëte ëtenso perió ïtórico, forhá básicamente en sü tierrä, e irradiando ëd'eyä su influensia i dominasión sobre gran parte de la peninsula ibérica como así atëtigua l'arqeolohía, i la ebolusión de sü influensiä. Er Califato de Córdoba, se fundamentó de manera naturá i äminïtratiba, sobre la úrtima capitá la Bética ïpanorromana, Corduba, i to su entramao territoriá. La Mëqita Córdoba representa en la ïtoria l'Arte Andalú i unibersá, el ëlabón perdío entre la crïtiandá mediterránea ösidentá antigua, el arriaïsmo sincrético premusurmán, el Ïlam i er catolisïmo der pasao moenno andalú. [[Imagen:AndalusQuran.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Corán der sigro XII usao n'Al-Ándalus]] Se conoce como Al-Andalus (árabe الأندلس) ar terraje e la Pelínsula Ibérica sometío ar poer musurmán durante l'Edá Media (711-1492). Following the conquest, al-Andalus was divided into five administrative areas roughly corresponding to Andalusia, Galicia and Portugal, Castile and Léon, Aragon and Catalonia, and Septimania. As a political domain or domains, it successively constituted a province of the Umayyad Caliphate, initiated by the Caliph Al-Walid I (711–750); the Emirate of Córdoba (c. 750–929); the Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031); and the Caliphate of Córdoba's taifa (successor) kingdoms. In succeeding centuries, al-Andalus became a province of the Berber Muslim dynasties of the Almoravids and Almohads, subsequently fragmenting into a number of minor states, most notably the Emirate of Granada. For large parts of its history, particularly under the Caliphate of Córdoba, al-Andalus was a beacon of learning, and the city of Córdoba became one of the leading cultural and economic centres in both the Mediterranean Basin and the Islamic world. For much of its history, al-Andalus existed in conflict with Christian kingdoms to the north. In 1085, Alfonso VI of León and Castile captured Toledo, precipitating a gradual decline until, by 1236, with the fall of Córdoba, the Emirate of Granada remained the only Muslim-ruled territory in what is now Spain. The Portuguese Reconquista culminated in 1249 with the conquest of the Algarve by Afonso III. In 1238, the Emirate of Granada officially became a tributary state to the Kingdom of Castile, then ruled by King Ferdinand III. On January 2, 1492, Emir Muhammad XII surrendered the Emirate of Granada to Queen Isabella I of Castile, who along with her husband King Ferdinand II of Aragon were Los Reyes Católicos, or "The Catholic Monarchs". The surrender concluded al-Andalus as a political entity.

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