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Sino-French War

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French interest in northern Vietnam dated from the late 18th century, when the political Catholic priest Pigneau de Behaine recruited French volunteers to fight for Nguyễn Ánh and help begin the Nguyễn Dynasty in an attempt to gain privileges for France and the Roman Catholic Church. In 1858, France began their colonial campaign and in 1862 annexed several southern provinces of Vietnam to become the colony of Cochinchina, laying the foundations for its later colonial empire in Indochina. French explorers followed the course of the Red River (Asia) through northern Vietnam to its source in Yunnan, arousing hopes that an extremely profitable overland trade route could be established with China, bypassing the treaty ports of the Chinese coastal provinces. The main obstacle to the realisation

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the Tonkin Campaign

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August 1884 – April 1885

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Sébastien Lespès Amédée Courbet Guangxu Emperor Empress Dowager Cixi Sun Kaihua Pan Dingxin Liu Mingchuan François de Négrier Zuo Zongtang Louis Brière de l'Isle Tang Ching-sung 23 Wang Debang Feng Zicai Laurent Giovanninelli Zhang Peilun Prince Gong Jacques Duchesne

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French protectorate over Tonkin and Annam.

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Operations of the Sino-French war

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10000 2100

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Mitigated French victory Treaty of Tientsin, Collapse of Ferry's government

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Vietnam Qing Empire France Black Flag Army

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Southeast Mainland China, Taiwan, Northern Vietnam

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中法戰争 Guerre franco-chinoise Chiến tranh Pháp-Thanh Sino-French War

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French interest in northern Vietnam dated from the late 18th century, when the political Catholic priest Pigneau de Behaine recruited French volunteers to fight for Nguyễn Ánh and help begin the Nguyễn Dynasty in an attempt to gain privileges for France and the Roman Catholic Church. In 1858, France began their colonial campaign and in 1862 annexed several southern provinces of Vietnam to become the colony of Cochinchina, laying the foundations for its later colonial empire in Indochina. French explorers followed the course of the Red River (Asia) through northern Vietnam to its source in Yunnan, arousing hopes that an extremely profitable overland trade route could be established with China, bypassing the treaty ports of the Chinese coastal provinces. The main obstacle to the realisation of this dream was the Black Flag Army, a well-organized bandit force under a formidable leader, Liu Yongfu (Liu Yung-fu, 劉永福), which was levying exorbitant dues on trade on the Red River between Sơn Tây and the town of Lào Cai on the Yunnan border.

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