. "Born in 1899 in what was then part of the Austrian Empire, Tom\u00E1\u0161ek was one of the six children of a schoolteacher who died when he was still a boy. After completing his schooling and military service, he studied at the seminary in Olomouc and was ordained on 7 May 1922. He taught religion in schools. Later he also taught at the Cyril and Methodius theological faculty, where he obtained a doctorate in 1938. Soon after, the Nazi occupation led to the closure of the Czech universities and Tom\u00E1\u0161ek returned to schoolteaching. After the war, Tomasek again taught in the faculty and also obtained a second doctorate."@en . . . . . "Born in 1899 in what was then part of the Austrian Empire, Tom\u00E1\u0161ek was one of the six children of a schoolteacher who died when he was still a boy. After completing his schooling and military service, he studied at the seminary in Olomouc and was ordained on 7 May 1922. He taught religion in schools. Later he also taught at the Cyril and Methodius theological faculty, where he obtained a doctorate in 1938. Soon after, the Nazi occupation led to the closure of the Czech universities and Tom\u00E1\u0161ek returned to schoolteaching. After the war, Tomasek again taught in the faculty and also obtained a second doctorate. In spite of the opposition of the Communist government in power in Czechoslavakia since February 1948, which, as well as imposing censorship on sermons and pastoral letters and banning many religious organisations, demanded its own approval for Church appointments, Pope Pius XII appointed Tom\u00E1\u0161ek Auxiliary Bishop of Olomouc on 12 October 1949. Tom\u00E1\u0161ek was secretly ordained bishop the very next day. In 1950 Tom\u00E1\u0161ek, with all the other bishops loyal to Rome, and half the priests were arrested and sent to labour camps. Monasteries and all but two of the Catholic seminaries were closed, and the Eastern-rite Catholic Church in Slovakia was banned. In 1953 Tom\u00E1\u0161ek was freed from the \u017Deliv camp, but allowed to function only as parish priest in the village of Moravsk\u00E1 Huzov\u00E1. To the surprise of many, the government permitted him to attend the Second Vatican Council, the only Czechoslovak bishop able to participate in all the sessions (1962\u20131965). In 1965 Cardinal Josef Beran, the Archbishop of Prague, was allowed to leave Czechoslovakia in accordance with an agreement that, in return for concessions to the Church, he would remain in Rome, and Tom\u00E1\u0161ek was appointed on 18 February 1965 to administer the archdiocese, thus finally being permitted to leave Moravsk\u00E1 Huzov\u00E1. Tom\u00E1\u0161ek speedily pledged support for the reforms of the Prague Spring under Alexander Dub\u010Dek in 1968. With the greater freedom allowed, he set about applying also the reforms instituted by the Second Vatican Council. The Soviet-led invasion of August 1968 again removed almost all the freedoms won under Dub\u010Dek, though the state permission for the Eastern-rite Church to exist was not revoked. On 24 May 1976 Pope Paul VI anonymously (in pectore) appointed Tom\u00E1\u0161ek to the College of Cardinals. In the following year, the Pope felt the danger of reprisals by the Czechoslovak government was sufficiently diminished for him to publish the appointment on 27 June 1977. He also appointed Tom\u00E1\u0161ek Archbishop of Prague, the see over which it had been considered more prudent to let Tom\u00E1\u0161ek continue to have only the powers of an apostolic administrator even after the death of Cardinal Beran on 17 May 1969. Tom\u00E1\u0161ek took part in the conclaves of 1978 that elected John Paul I and John Paul II. The latter, an old friend of Tom\u00E1\u0161ek, infused new courage in the leaders of the Catholic Church in east-central Europe, including Tom\u00E1\u0161ek, who proceeded to criticise government policies openly and to back initiatives by lay organisations demanding greater freedom, including Charter 77. The Velvet Revolution of November 1989 was followed by Pope John Paul II's April 1990 visit to Czechoslovakia, his first visit to a country, other than his native Poland, under a similar regime. On 27 March 1991, when Tom\u00E1\u0161ek was almost 92 years old (long past the age of 75 at which bishops are to offer their resignation), his resignation from the governance of the Archdiocese of Prague was made effective. He died on 4 August 1992."@en . . . . "Prague"@en . "1977"^^ . . "Your Eminence"@en . "Franti\u0161ek Tom\u00E1\u0161ek"@en . "Franti\u0161ek Tom\u00E1\u0161ek"@en . . . . . . . . . "His Eminence"@en . . . . . .