"the Tonkin Campaign"@en . "Operations of the Sino-French war"@en . "S\u00E9bastien Lesp\u00E8s"@en . . . "10000"^^ . "Am\u00E9d\u00E9e Courbet"@en . . . "Guangxu Emperor"@en . "Empress Dowager Cixi"@en . "Sun Kaihua"@en . . . "August 1884 \u2013 April 1885"@en . "Pan Dingxin"@en . . "French protectorate over Tonkin and Annam."@en . "2100"^^ . . . "25000"^^ . "French interest in northern Vietnam dated from the late 18th century, when the political Catholic priest Pigneau de Behaine recruited French volunteers to fight for Nguy\u1EC5n \u00C1nh and help begin the Nguy\u1EC5n Dynasty in an attempt to gain privileges for France and the Roman Catholic Church. In 1858, France began their colonial campaign and in 1862 annexed several southern provinces of Vietnam to become the colony of Cochinchina, laying the foundations for its later colonial empire in Indochina. French explorers followed the course of the Red River (Asia) through northern Vietnam to its source in Yunnan, arousing hopes that an extremely profitable overland trade route could be established with China, bypassing the treaty ports of the Chinese coastal provinces. The main obstacle to the realisation "@en . . . "\u4E2D\u6CD5\u6230\u4E89"@en . "Liu Mingchuan"@en . "French interest in northern Vietnam dated from the late 18th century, when the political Catholic priest Pigneau de Behaine recruited French volunteers to fight for Nguy\u1EC5n \u00C1nh and help begin the Nguy\u1EC5n Dynasty in an attempt to gain privileges for France and the Roman Catholic Church. In 1858, France began their colonial campaign and in 1862 annexed several southern provinces of Vietnam to become the colony of Cochinchina, laying the foundations for its later colonial empire in Indochina. French explorers followed the course of the Red River (Asia) through northern Vietnam to its source in Yunnan, arousing hopes that an extremely profitable overland trade route could be established with China, bypassing the treaty ports of the Chinese coastal provinces. The main obstacle to the realisation of this dream was the Black Flag Army, a well-organized bandit force under a formidable leader, Liu Yongfu (Liu Yung-fu, \u5289\u6C38\u798F), which was levying exorbitant dues on trade on the Red River between S\u01A1n T\u00E2y and the town of L\u00E0o Cai on the Yunnan border."@en . . . . . "15000"^^ . . . "Fran\u00E7ois de N\u00E9grier"@en . . . . . . . . . "Zuo Zongtang"@en . . . "Guerre franco-chinoise"@en . . "Louis Bri\u00E8re de l'Isle"@en . "Tang Ching-sung"@en . . "Mitigated French victory\nTreaty of Tientsin,\nCollapse of Ferry's government"@en . "Chi\u1EBFn tranh Ph\u00E1p-Thanh"@en . "Vietnam"@en . "Sino-French War"@en . . "23"^^ . . "Wang Debang"@en . "Qing Empire"@en . "Sino-French War"@en . "Feng Zicai"@en . . . "Laurent Giovanninelli"@en . . "Southeast Mainland China, Taiwan, Northern Vietnam"@en . "France"@en . . "Zhang Peilun"@en . . "Prince Gong"@en . . . "Black Flag Army"@en . "Jacques Duchesne"@en . .