. "Jurassic Park: Builder"@en . . "Dunkleosteus"@en . . . . . . "370"^^ . . . "10.0"^^ . "Dunkelosteus belongs to the Placodermi, a family of armour-plated fishes. More precisely, it was an arthodire - one of the more advanced members of the placoderm fish. Dunkelosteus was probably the largest member of the placoderms, and the largest animal up to that time, which would stay that way until the evolution of the dinosaurs. The Placodermi first started appearing in the Silurian, and all of them were extinct by the late Devonian. There are no modern descendants. Dunkleosteus remains have been found in late Devonian strata in Morocco, Belgium, Poland, and North America."@en . . . . "Dunkleosteus (pronounced dunk-lee-o-stee-uss) was the biggest predator in the Devonion sea. It was armour plated on the head, and instead of teeth it had giant plates of bone from its jaw that were just as dangerous, if not more so. The bone could cut through armour plating on other fish and slice through the inside of the fish with ease. The most unique thing about the \"teeth\" of Dunkleosteus is that they were like self sharpening scissors in the way that they would sharpen using each other! Dunkleosteus ate just about anything that crossed its path, including other Dunkleosteus. Dunkleosteus had very bad table manners, as well - it would crack open the plating of a fish like it was a nut and eat the fish inside, then later it would spit out the plates and bones that were left behind. Fos"@en . "* D. terrelli ( )"@en . "Dunkleosteus (pronounced dunk-lee-o-stee-uss) was the biggest predator in the Devonion sea. It was armour plated on the head, and instead of teeth it had giant plates of bone from its jaw that were just as dangerous, if not more so. The bone could cut through armour plating on other fish and slice through the inside of the fish with ease. The most unique thing about the \"teeth\" of Dunkleosteus is that they were like self sharpening scissors in the way that they would sharpen using each other! Dunkleosteus ate just about anything that crossed its path, including other Dunkleosteus. Dunkleosteus had very bad table manners, as well - it would crack open the plating of a fish like it was a nut and eat the fish inside, then later it would spit out the plates and bones that were left behind. Fossils show that when the Dunkleosteus died, they would rot away but the plates on its head and neck would remain preserved. They had NO known predators as it was so big and powerful. The average size of Dunkleosteus was about 33 feet long!"@en . . "Carnivore"@en . . . . "Dunkleosteus was a huge Devonian Placoderm. It had armor and was a deadly predator."@en . . . "Dunkleosteus"@es . . . . "Bothriolepis; other animals"@en . . . . . . . . "Dunkleosteus was a huge Devonian Placoderm. It had armor and was a deadly predator."@en . . . . "* Dinichthys \n* Ponerichthys"@en . . "Placoderm fish"@en . . . "Thick armour plating; sharp, shearing, jaw plates; powerful jaws; cannibalistic"@en . . . "Dunkle\u2019s bones"@en . . . "Dunkleosteus is a huge shark that lived in the late Devonian period. It was first seen in a picture in The Kur Stone:Part One. Later it was the main cryptid in Cartoon Network Action Pack #26: The Cannibal Curse."@en . . . . . "Dunkleosteus (Lehman, 1956)"@en . . . . "?"@en . "Dunkleosteus"@en . . . . . . "Dunkleosteus"@en . . . . . "thumb|400px|Dunkleosteus persiguiendo a un pez El dunkleosteus vivi\u00F3 en el periodo Devonico."@es . "Coccosteus"@en . . . . . . . . "Dunkleosteus"@en . . . . "Europe"@en . "Dunkleosteus is a huge shark that lived in the late Devonian period. It was first seen in a picture in The Kur Stone:Part One. Later it was the main cryptid in Cartoon Network Action Pack #26: The Cannibal Curse."@en . "Dunkelosteus belongs to the Placodermi, a family of armour-plated fishes. More precisely, it was an arthodire - one of the more advanced members of the placoderm fish. Dunkelosteus was probably the largest member of the placoderms, and the largest animal up to that time, which would stay that way until the evolution of the dinosaurs. The Placodermi first started appearing in the Silurian, and all of them were extinct by the late Devonian. There are no modern descendants. Dunkleosteus had one of the most powerful bite of any fish, well ahead of all modern-day sharks, including the Great White shark. Dunkleosteus could concentrate a force of up to 8,000 pounds (3,628 kg) per square inch at the tip of its mouth, effectively placing Dunkleosteus in the league of Tyrannosaurus rex and modern crocodiles as having the most powerful known bite. Dunkleosteus could also open its mouth in one-fiftieth of a second, which would have caused a powerful suction that pulled the prey into its mouth, a food-capture technique reinvented by many of the most advanced teleost fishes today. Due to its heavily armoured nature, Dunkleosteus was likely a relatively slow (albeit powerful) swimmer. By Devonian standards, Dunkleosteus was one of the most highly evolved animals. It was one of the earliest jawed fishes. Instead of actual teeth, Dunkleosteus possessed two long, bony blades that were extensions of its jaw that could slice through flesh and snap and crush bones and almost anything else. It was a vicious, gluttonous hunter, and probably ate whatever hapless creature it could overpower. The discovery of Dunkleosteus armor with unhealed bite marks strongly suggest that they cannibalized each other when the opportunity arose. Frequently, fossils of Dunkleosteus are found with boluses of fish bones, semi-digested and partially eaten remains of other fish. As a result, the fossil record indicates that it may have routinely regurgitated prey bones rather than digesting them. Cladoselache did not prey on Dunkleosteus, it was the other way around. It is commonly thought, and commonly said that placoderms, such as Dunkleosteus, were outcompeted by the smaller, swifter fishes, such as the early shark Cladoselache. However, this assessment fails to take into account that predatory placoderms would have inhabited different ecological niches than the early sharks during the Devonian period. As such, claiming that Cladoselache was a more efficient predatory fish than Dunkleosteus because the former was apparently faster than the latter would be akin to saying that the orca is a superior marine predator than the swordfish because orcas have teeth. Dunkleosteus may have also been one of the first animals to internalize egg fertilization, and thus sexually reproduce in the manner that most mammals do today. Although Placoderms only existed for 50 million years, their mark on the fossil record is quite visible. They were a pioneer in the later scenes of the Paleozoic, and were vital to the success of the vertebrates. The Placoderms died out in the late Devonian for reasons that are still not well understood. Dunkleosteus remains have been found in late Devonian strata in Morocco, Belgium, Poland, and North America."@en . . . . . "Dunkle's Bony One"@en . . . . "thumb|400px|Dunkleosteus persiguiendo a un pez El dunkleosteus vivi\u00F3 en el periodo Devonico."@es . . . . "Shark"@en . . . "Dunkleosteus was a terrifying giant fish. It ate anything that stood in its path, from sharks to each other. The article \"Dunkleosteus\" is currently under construction. The evil dude will expand on this article ASAP. Thank you for your patience."@en . . "The largest species, D. terrelli, measuring up to 10 m (33 ft) and weighing 3.6 tonnes, was a hypercarnivorous apex predator. Few other placoderms, save, perhaps, its contemporary Titanichthys, rivaled Dunkleosteus in size."@en . . . . . . . . . "240"^^ . . . . . "Sea Monsters: Into the Jaws of Death"@en . "North Africa"@en . . "Dunkleosteus was a large, predatory placoderm from the Devonian. It was a heavily armoured fish and was the largest predator in its ecosystem."@en . "Sea Monsters: Dangerous Seas"@en . . "Jurassic World: The Game"@en . "Dunkleosteus was a terrifying giant fish. It ate anything that stood in its path, from sharks to each other. The article \"Dunkleosteus\" is currently under construction. The evil dude will expand on this article ASAP. Thank you for your patience."@en . . . "Dunkleosteus was a large, predatory placoderm from the Devonian. It was a heavily armoured fish and was the largest predator in its ecosystem."@en . . . . . . . . . "Dunkleosteus (meaning \"Dunkle's Bone\") is a prehistoric fish, and one of the largest arthrodire placoderms ever to have lived. This carnivorous predator lived during the Late Devonian period, about 380-360 million years ago. No other placoderms rival its size: it is considered to have been one of the fiercest marine predators. This hunter, measuring 6 m (20 ft) and one ton, was a hypercarnivorous apex predator. Few other placoderms, save, perhaps, its contemporary, Titanichthys, rivaled Dunkleosteus in size. Dunkleosteus is member of the pachyosteomorph arthrodires, and is more specifically usually placed in the family Dinichthyidae, a family composed mostly of large, carnivorous arthrodires like Gorgonichthys. Anderson (2009) suggests that because of its primitive jaw structure Dunkleosteus should be placed outside the family Dinichthyidae, perhaps close to the base of the clade Pachyosteomorpha, near Eastmanosteus, but this idea has yet to be tested. New studies have revealed several features in both its food and biomechanics as its ecology and physiology. The Placodermi first appeared in the Silurian, and the group became extinct during the transition from the Devonian to the Carboniferous, leaving no descendants. In recent decades, the Dunkleosteus has achieved recognition in popular culture, with a large number of specimens on display, and notable appearances in entertainment media. Numerous fossils of some species have been found in North America, Poland, Belgium, and Morocco."@en . "3.6"^^ . . . . "Dunkleosteus (meaning \"Dunkle's Bone\") is a prehistoric fish, and one of the largest arthrodire placoderms ever to have lived. This carnivorous predator lived during the Late Devonian period, about 380-360 million years ago. No other placoderms rival its size: it is considered to have been one of the fiercest marine predators. This hunter, measuring 6 m (20 ft) and one ton, was a hypercarnivorous apex predator. Few other placoderms, save, perhaps, its contemporary, Titanichthys, rivaled Dunkleosteus in size."@en . . "The Kur Stone:Part One"@en . "Life restoration of Dunkleosteus."@en . "The largest species, D. terrelli, measuring up to 10 m (33 ft) and weighing 3.6 tonnes, was a hypercarnivorous apex predator. Few other placoderms, save, perhaps, its contemporary Titanichthys, rivaled Dunkleosteus in size. Dunkleosteus is a pachyosteomorph arthrodire originally placed in the family Dinichthyidae, a family composed mostly of large, carnivorous arthrodires like Gorgonichthys. Anderson (2009) suggests, because of its primitive jaw structure, Dunkleosteus should be placed outside the family Dinichthyidae, perhaps close to the base of the clade Pachyosteomorpha, near Eastmanosteus. Carr and Hlavin (2010) resurrect Dunkleosteidae and place Dunkleosteus, Eastmanosteus, and a few other genera from Dinichthyidae within it. (Dinichthyidae, in turn, is made into a monospecific family). New studies have revealed several features in both its food and biomechanics, as well as its ecology and physiology. Placodermi first appeared in the Silurian, and the group became extinct during the transition from the Devonian to the Carboniferous, leaving no descendants. The class persisted in the fossil record for at least 70 million years, in comparison to the 400-million-year-long history of sharks. In recent decades, Dunkleosteus has achieved recognition in popular culture, with a large number of specimens on display, and notable appearances in entertainment media like Sea Monsters - A Walking with Dinosaurs Trilogy and River Monsters. Numerous fossils of some species have been found in North America, Poland, Belgium, and Morocco. The name Dunkleosteus combines the Greek osteus (\u03BF\u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03BF\u03C2), meaning \"bone\", and Dunkle, in honor of David Dunkle of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Due to its heavily armoured nature, Dunkleosteus was probably a relatively slow but powerful swimmer. It is thought to have dwelt in diverse zones of inshore waters. Fossilization tends to have preserved only the especially armoured frontal sections of specimens, thus it is uncertain what exactly the hind sections of this ancient fish were like. Therefore, the reconstructions of the hindquarters are often based on smaller arthrodires, such as Coccosteus, that had hind sections preserved. The most famous specimens of Dunkleosteus are displayed at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Others are displayed at the American Museum of Natural History and in the Queensland Museum in Brisbane, Queensland. Instead of teeth, Dunkleosteuspossessed two pairs of sharp bony plates which formed a beak-like structure. Dunkleosteus, together with most other placoderms, may have also been among the first vertebrates to internalize egg fertilization, as seen in some modern sharks. Dunkleosteus terrelli possessed a four-bar linkage mechanism for jaw opening that incorporated connections between the skull, the thoracic shield, the lower jaw and the jaw muscles joined together by movable joints. This mechanism allowed D. terrelli to both achieve a high speed of jaw opening, opening their jaws in 20 milliseconds and completing the whole process in 50\u201360 milliseconds, comparable to modern fishes that use suction feeding to assist in prey capture; and produce high bite forces when closing the jaw, estimated at 6,000 N (1,350 lbf) at the tip and 7,400 N (1,660 lbf) at the blade edge in the largest individuals. The pressures generated in those regions were high enough to puncture or cut through cuticle or dermal armour suggesting that D. terrelli was perfectly adapted to prey on free-swimming, armored prey like arthropods, ammonites, and other placoderms. Frequently, fossils of Dunkleosteus are found with boluses of fish bones, semidigested and partially eaten remains of other fish. As a result, the fossil record indicates it may have routinely regurgitated prey bones rather than digest them. Morphological studies on the lower jaws of juveniles of D. terrelli reveal they were proportionally as robust as those of adults, indicating they already had the ability to produce high bite forces and likely were able to shear into resistant prey tissue similar to adults, albeit on a smaller scale. This pattern is in direct contrast to the condition common in tetrapods in which the jaws of juveniles are more gracile than in adults."@en .