. . . "John VIII was pope from December 13, 872 to December 16, 882. He is often considered one of the ablest pontiffs of the ninth century and the last bright spot on the papacy until Leo IX two centuries later."@en . "dead"@en . . . . . . "0882-12-16"^^ . "???"@en . . . . . "John VIII was pope from December 13, 872 to December 16, 882. He is often considered one of the ablest pontiffs of the ninth century and the last bright spot on the papacy until Leo IX two centuries later. He was born in Rome. Among the reforms achieved during his pontificate was a notable administrative reorganisation of the papal curia. With little help from European kings, he attempted to expel the Saracens from Italy after they had penetrated as far as Rome. He failed and was forced to pay tribute. John defended St. Methodius against his German enemies, who objected to his use of the Slavonic language in the liturgy. John later confirmed the permission to use Slavonic that had been originally granted by Pope Adrian II, John's predecessor. In 879 he recognised the reinstatement of Photius as the legitimate patriarch of Constantinople; Photius had been condemned in 869 by Pope Adrian II. Consequently, John VIII was in favour of reciting the Creed without the filioque . In 878 John crowned Louis II, king of France. He also crowned two Holy Roman Emperors: Charles II and Charles III."@en . "Pope John VIII"@en . "John VIII"@en . "John"@en . . . . . "0882-12-16"^^ . . . "872"^^ . . "0872-12-13"^^ . . . . . "???"@en . . . . "???"@en . . .